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| Candi Prambanan |
Prambanan Temple or Roro Jonggrang Temple (Hanacaraka: ꦕꦤ꧀ꦝꦶ ꦥꦿꦩ꧀ꦧꦤꦤ꧀, Candhi Prambanan) is the largest Hindu temple complex in Indonesia that was built in the 9th century AD. This temple is dedicated to Trimurti, the three main Hindu deities namely Brahma as the creator god, Wishnu as the guardian god, and Shiva as the god of destruction. Based on the Siwagrha inscription the original name of this temple complex is Siwagrha (Sanskrit which means 'House of Shiva'), and indeed in the garbagriha (main room) this temple is housed in a three meter high Shiva Mahadewa statue which shows that in this temple the Shiva god is preferred.
This temple complex is located in Prambanan sub-district, Sleman, DI Yogyakarta and Prambanan sub-district, Klaten, Central Java approximately 17 kilometers northeast of Yogyakarta, 50 kilometers southwest of Surakarta and 120 kilometers south of Semarang, exactly on the border between the province of Central Java and the Special Region of Yogyakarta . The location is very unique, Prambanan Temple is located in the administrative area of the village of Bokoharjo, Prambanan, Sleman, while the entrance to the Prambanan Temple complex is located in the administrative area of the village of Tlogo, Prambanan, Klaten.
This temple is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the largest Hindu temple in Indonesia, as well as one of the most beautiful temples in Southeast Asia. The architecture of this building is tall and slender in accordance with Hindu architecture in general with the Shiva temple as the main temple having a height reaching 47 meters rising in the middle of a complex cluster of smaller temples. As one of the grandest temples in Southeast Asia, Prambanan temple is an attraction for tourists from all over the world.
According to the Siwagrha inscription, this temple began to be built around 850 AD by Rakai Pikatan, and continues to be developed and expanded by Balitung Maha Sambu, during the Medang kingdom of Mataram.
The name Prambanan, derived from the name of the village where this temple stands, is thought to be a change in the name of the Javanese dialect from the Hindu theological term Brahman meaning "Great Brahman" ie Brahman or the highest and greatest eternal reality that cannot be described, which is often equated with the concept of God in Hinduism. Another opinion considers the Brahmins might refer to the glorious period of this temple which was once filled with brahmins. Another opinion suggests that the name "Prambanan" comes from the root word mban in Javanese, which means to bear or assume the task, referring to the Hindu gods who carry out the task of organizing and carrying out harmony of the universe.
Another name for Prambanan can mean 5 (five) mountains which in Khmer / Cambodian 5 (five) are Pram and banam is mountain (ប្រាំ ភ្នំ). This illustrates the 5 mountain peaks of the Himalayas in India. Recalling at the same time in the Khmer chronicle that the Javanese had colonized the Khmer for 200 years and the 2nd Jayawarman who had been in Java was a hero who freed the Khmer from Javanese domination.
The original name of this Hindu temple complex is the name of Sanskrit; Siwagrha (Rumah Shiva) or Siwalaya (Alam Shiva), based on the Siwagrha Inscription dating to 778 Saka (856 CE). Trimurti is glorified in this temple complex with three main temples glorifying Brahma, Shiva, and Vishnu. However, Shiva Mahadewa who occupies the main room in the Shiva temple is the most glorified god in this temple complex.
J. Gronemen (1887) argues that the name Prambanan comes from the word ramban:
collecting leaves (for household or medicinal purposes), [pre-rooting] is still a place, usually in the forest, where the leaves are mixed together. Such an explanation of the name of the puning of the ruins, which was undoubtedly on one occasion found in such a forest, is also contained in the dictionary compiled by Roorda; [an explanation] that is so simple and natural that we don't need to look for another explanation. "(Groneman 1887: 1427 in Jordaan, 1996)
Prambanan is the biggest and grandest Hindu temple ever built in ancient Java, the construction of the royal Hindu temple was started by Rakai Pikatan as a counterpoint to the Borobudur Buddhist temple and also Sewu temple which is located not far from Prambanan. Some old historians suspect that the construction of this great Hindu temple is to mark the reign of the Sanjaya family over Java, this is related to the theory of twin dynasties of different competing beliefs; the Hindu Sanjaya dynasty and the Buddhist Sailendra dynasty. Certainly, the construction of this temple marks that Saiwa's Hinduism has received support from the royal family again, after the Sailendra dynasty tended to favor the Mahayana Buddhism. This marks that the Medang kingdom shifted the focus of religious support, from Mahayana Buddhism to worship of Shiva.
The building was first built around 850 AD by Rakai Pikatan and was continuously being refined and expanded by Raja Lokapala and Raja Balitung Maha Sambu. Based on the Siwagrha inscription dating to 856 AD, this sacred building was built to glorify Lord Shiva, and the original name of this building in Sanskrit is Siwagrha (Sanskrit: Shiva-grha which means: 'Shiva House') or Siwalaya (Sanskrit: Shiva-laya which means: 'Shiva domain' or 'Shiva realm').
In this inscription it is stated that when the construction of the Siwagrha temple was underway, public works on water system changes were also carried out to move the river flow near this temple. The river in question is the Opak river which flows from north to south along the west side of the Prambanan temple complex. Historians suspect that the original river flow curved eastward, and was considered too close to the temple so that river erosion could jeopardize temple construction. The water management project was carried out by making a new river sodetan which cut the river's curvature with a north-south axis along the west wall outside the temple complex. Former streams of the original river were then stockpiled to provide more land for the construction of rows of perwara temples (guard temples or escort temples).
Some archeologists argue that the statue of Shiva in the garbhagriha (main chamber) in the Shiva temple as the main temple is a statue of the embodiment of the king of Balitung, as a statue of posthumous pedharmaan him.
The building complex is continually being refined by subsequent Medang Mataram kings, such as the Daksa and Tulodong kings, and expanded by building hundreds of additional temples around the main temple. Because of the splendor of this temple, Prambanan temple functions as the grand temple of the Kingdom of Mataram, where various important royal ceremonies are held. At the height of its glory, historians suspect that hundreds of Brahmin priests and their students gathered and inhabited the outer court of this temple to study the Vedas and carry out various Hindu rituals and ceremonies. While the center of the kingdom or the royal palace of Mataram is thought to be located somewhere near Prambanan on the Kewu Plain.
Abandoned
Around the 930s, the royal capital was moved to East Java by Mpu Sindok, who founded the Isyana House. The cause of the transfer of power center is not known for certain. However, it is very likely caused by a massive eruption of Mount Merapi which rises about 20 kilometers north of the Prambanan temple. Other possible causes are war and power struggles. After moving the capital city, Prambanan temple began to be abandoned and neglected, so slowly this temple began to break down and collapse.
The building of this temple is thought to have really collapsed due to a great earthquake in the 16th century. Although it is no longer a religious and religious center of Hinduism, this temple is still recognized and known by its Javanese inhabitants who inhabit the surrounding villages. The temples and Durga statues in the main building of this temple inspired the Javanese fable, the legend of Rara Jonggrang. After the splitting of the Sultanate of Mataram in 1755, the ruins of the temple and the nearby Opak river became a sign of the boundary between the territory of the Sultanate of Yogyakarta and the Surakarta Sunanate (Solo).
Local Javanese residents around the temple already know the existence of this temple. But they do not know the actual historical background, who is the king and kingdom of what has built this monument. As a result ima
After a major restoration in the 1990s, Prambanan also returned to the center of Hindu worship in Java. The revival of Prambanan's religious value is because there are quite a number of Hindu communities, both migrants from Bali or Javanese who return to Hinduism who reside in Yogyakarta, Klaten and surrounding areas. Every year Hindus from the provinces of Central Java and Yogyakarta gather at the Prambanan temple to hold ceremonies on the holy day of Galungan, Tawur Kesanga, and Nyepi.
On May 27, 2006 an earthquake with a magnitude of 5.9 on the Richter scale (while the United States Geological Survey reported an earthquake magnitude 6.2 on the Richter scale) struck the Bantul and surrounding areas. This earthquake caused severe damage to many buildings and deaths to the surrounding population. The quake was centered on the Opak tectonic fault whose fault corresponds to the Opak river valley near Prambanan. One of the buildings that was badly damaged was the Prambanan Temple complex, specifically the Brahma Temple. Preliminary photos show that although the building complex remains intact, the damage is quite significant. Large stone fragments, including carved panels, and the top of the pane fell and scattered on the ground. These temples were once closed from tourist visits until the damage and danger of collapse can be calculated.
Yogyakarta Archaeological Center said that it took months to find out the extent of the damage caused by this earthquake.
A few weeks later, in 2006 the site was reopened for tourist visits. In 2008, there were 856,029 Indonesian tourists and 114,951 foreign tourists visiting Prambanan. On January 6, 2009 the restoration of the Nandi temple was completed. In 2009, the space in the main temple was closed to tourist visits for safety reasons.
The entrance to the building complex is in all four directions of the compass, but the direction facing this building is to the east, so the main entrance of this temple is the east gate. The Prambanan temple complex consists of:
3 Trimurti Temple: Shiva, Vishnu, and Brahma temples
3 Candi Wahana: Candi Nandi, Garuda and Goose
2 Apit Temple: located between the line of Trimurti temples and Wahana temples on the north and south sides
4 Candi Kelir: located in 4 directions of the compass just behind the entrance of the inner courtyard or core zone
4 Patok Temple: located in 4 corners of the inner courtyard or core zone
224 Perwara Temple: arranged in 4 concentric rows with the number of temples from the deepest to the outer rows: 44, 52, 60 and 68
Then there are a total of 240 temples in the Prambanan complex.
Originally there were 240 large and small temples in the Prambanan temple complex. But now only 18 temples remain; namely 8 main temples and 8 small temples in the core zone and 2 ancillary temples. Many ancillary temples have not been restored, out of 224 ancillary temples only 2 have been restored, all that remains is a pile of scattered stones. The Prambanan temple complex consists of three zones; the first is the outer zone, the second is the middle zone consisting of hundreds of temples, the third is the inner zone which is the holiest zone where eight main temples and eight small temples.
The cross section of the Prambanan temple complex is based on a square which consists of three parts or zones, each of these zones bounded by andesite stone walls. The outermost zone is marked by a square fence, each side along 390 meters, with a Northeast-Southwest orientation. Except for the remaining southern gate, many of the other gates and walls of this temple have been lost. The exact function of this outer page is unknown; possibly the sacred garden land, or the Brahmin boarding complex and his students. Maybe the building that stood in the outer yard used to be made of wood, so it was rotten and not destroyed.
Prambanan Temple is one of the largest Hindu temples in Southeast Asia besides Angkor Wat. The three main temples are called Trimurti and are offered to the three main deities of Trimurti: Shiva the Destroyer, Vishnu the Preserver and Brahma the Creator. In this temple complex Shiva takes precedence and is more glorified than the other two Trimurti gods. Shiva Temple as the main building as well as the largest and tallest, stands as high as 47 meters.
The inner courtyard is the most sacred zone of the three complex zones of the temple. The platform is elevated and squared in a caged stone fence with four gates in the four cardinal directions. In this sanded courtyard there are eight main temples; namely the three main temples, called Trimurti temples ("three forms"), were offered to the three highest Hindu deities: Lord Brahma the Creator, Wishnu the Preserver, and Shiva the Annihilation.
Siwa Temple as the main temple is the largest and tallest building in the Rara Jonggrang temple complex, measuring 47 meters high and 34 meters wide. The peak of mastaka or the peak of this temple is crowned with a modification of the shape of the wajra which symbolizes diamond or lightning. This form of wajra is a comparable Hindu version of a stupa found at the peak of a Buddhist temple. Shiva Temple is surrounded by a corridor decorated with reliefs that tells the story of the Ramayana; engraved on the inner wall on the ledge fence. On top of this ledge fence is fenced off a peak which is also shaped like a wajra. To follow the story in its order, visitors must enter from the east side, then do the pradakshina ie spinning around the temple in a clockwise direction. The story of the Ramayana continues to the Brahma Temple.
Shiva Temple in the middle, contains five rooms, one room in each direction of the wind and one garbagriha, the main and largest room located in the center of the temple. The eastern room is connected to the main room where the statue of Shiva Mahadewa (Shiva's embodiment as the Supreme God) resides as high as three meters. This statue has the Lakçana (attribute or symbol) of Shiva, namely chandrakapala (skull above the crescent moon), jatamakuta (crown of majesty), and trinetra (third eye) on its forehead. This statue has four arms that hold Shiva's attributes, such as aksamala (prayer beads), camara (horse-tailed hair repellent flies), and trident.
This Shiva Mahadewa statue stands on a padma flower pedestal on a square-shaped yoni base on which to the north is engraved with a Nāga snake (cobra).
The other three smaller rooms hold smaller sized statues associated with Shiva. In the southern room is Resi Agastya, Ganesh's son of Siwa in the western room, and in the northern room there is a powerful statue or Shiva's wife, Durga Mahisasuramardini, describing Durga as the exterminator of Mahisasura, the giant of the Ox that attacks the supermarket. The Durga statue is also referred to as Rara Jonggrang (slender wench) by the local population. This statue is associated with the legendary princess figure Rara Jonggrang.
In the famous book Thomas Raffles, The History of Java (1817) there is a picture of the Prambanan Mother Temple with the description "the main temple in Jongrangan". In this jongrangan name, another popular local name for the temple complex is Loro Jonggrang, which means "Slender Girl". Loro Jonggarang is the main character in a Javanese folklore.
Brahma Temple and Vishnu Temple
The other two temples are dedicated to Lord Vishnu, which is on the north side and one is offered to Brahma, which is on the south side. These two temples face east and there is only one room, which is dedicated to these gods. Brahma Temple holds a statue of Brahma and Wishnu Temple holds a statue of Wishnu which is almost 3 meters high. The size of the Brahma and Wishnu temples is the same, which is 20 meters wide and 33 meters high.
Candi Wahana
Garuda temple, one of the rides temples
Right in front of the Trimurti temple there are three smaller temples than the Brahma and Vishnu temples offered to the vehicles or vehicles of these gods; the ox Nandi the Shiva vehicle, the Goose the Brahma vehicle, and the Garuda the Vishnu vehicle. These temple temples are located right in front of the rider's god. In front of the Shiva temple there is the Nandi temple, inside which is the statue of Nandi's bull. On the wall behind this statue Nandi on the left and right flank the statue of Chandra the moon god and Surya the sun god. Chandra is depicted standing on a carriage drawn by 10 horses, while Surya stands on a carriage drawn by 7 horses.
Right in front of the Brahma temple is the Goose temple. This temple is empty and there is no Goose statue in it. Perhaps the Geese statue once lived as a Brahma vehicle in it. In front of the Vishnu temple there is a temple dedicated to Garuda, but just like the Goose temple, there is no Garuda statue found in this temple. Maybe there was a Garuda statue in this temple. Until now Garuda has become an important symbol in Indonesia, namely as a symbol of the state of Garuda Pancasila.
Apit Temple, Kelir Temple, and Patok Temple
Among the sixth row of the main temples is the Apit Temple. The size of Apit Temple is almost the same as the size of perwara temple, which is 14 meters high with a 6 x 6 meter floor plan. Besides these 8 main temples, there is a small temple in the form of a small temple that may function like a pelinggihan in the Balinese Hindu Temple where the canang or offerings are placed, as well as a facade in front of the entrance. These small temples namely; 4 Candi Kelir in the four cardinal directions in front of the entrance, and 4 Candi Patok in each corner. Kelir Temple and Patok Temple are miniature temples without stairs with a height of about 2 meters.
Perwara Temple
Two rectangular walls that enclose the two inner pages, arranged in orientation according to the four cardinal points. The second wall is 225 meters long on each side. Between these two walls is the second courtyard or the second zone. The second zone consists of 224 Perwara Temples arranged in four concentric lines. These temples are built on four steps of terraces that are getting to the middle a little higher. Four rows of these temples are smaller than the main temple. These temples are called "Perwara Temples", namely Temple Guards or Complementary Temples. Perwara Temples are arranged in four concentric lines, the deepest rows consisting of 44 temples, the second row of 52 temples, the third row of 60 temples, and the fourth row and the outer row consisting of 68 temples.
Each of these Perwara Temples is 14 meters high with a 6 x 6 meter floor plan, and the total number of Perwara Temples on this page is 224 temples. All of these Perwara Temples have one stairway and the entrance is in the direction of the main face, except for the 16 temples in the corner which have two stairs and the entrance faces two outside directions.
If most of the temple roofs in the courtyard in the core zone are wajra-shaped, then perwara temple roofs are in the shape of a ratna which symbolizes jewels.
Originally there are many temples on this page, but only a few have been restored. The form of this ancillary temple is designed uniformly. Historians suspect that these temples were funded and built by the regional authorities as a sign of devotion and offerings to the king. While there is an opinion linking the four lines of the Perwara Temple to the four castes, and only those members of the caste can enter and worship in it; the deepest line is only entered by the Brahmin caste, next up to the outer row is the row of temples for knights, Vaishya and Shudras. While other parties consider there is no connection between Perwara Temple and the four castes. Rows of perwara temples may be used for worship, or a place of meditation (meditation) for priests and their people.
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